A recent study revealed that individuals who self-report memory problems, corroborated by their partners, have higher levels of tau tangles, a key Alzheimers disease biomarker. This correlation suggests that early detection of memory issues could be crucial for effective intervention, especially with the advent of new treatments.
Early memory complaints, validated by partners, are linked to increased tau tangles in the brain, emphasizing the potential of early Alzheimers detection and intervention.
Individuals who report early memory problems and whose partners also suspect they have memory problems have higher levels of tau tangles in the brain, a biomarker associated with Alzheimers disease. This is according to a study published in the May 29, 2024, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
Subjective cognitive decline is when a person reports memory and thinking problems before any decline is large enough to show up on standard tests.
Understanding the earliest signs of Alzheimers disease is even more important now that new disease-modifying drugs are becoming available, said study author Rebecca E. Amariglio, PhD, of Harvard Medical School in Boston. Our study found early suspicions of memory problems by both participants and the people who knew them well were linked to higher levels of tau tangles in the brain.
675 adults with an average age of 72 who did not have cognitive impairment on formal testing participated in the study. All had brain scans for amyloid plaques. Of this group, 60% had elevated levels of amyloid, meaning they were at risk for developing cognitive impairment due to Alzheimers disease even though, at the time of the scan, they were cognitively normal. Participants did not know if they had elevated levels of amyloid.
Each participant had a study partnera spouse, child, or friendwho could answer questions about the participants thinking and memory skills and ability to perform daily tasks. In 65% of cases, partners lived with participants.
Each participant and their partner completed a questionnaire to assess the participants subjective cognitive decline. Questions included, Compared to one year ago, do you feel that your memory has declined substantially? and Compared to one year ago, do you have more difficulty managing money? Participants and partners scores were recorded with higher scores indicating greater complaints about memory.
Researchers also reviewed brain scans for levels of tau tangles. Greater tau is also a risk factor for Alzheimers disease and is at higher levels in people with elevated amyloid.
The scientists found that participants with higher levels of tau tangles in the brain had higher scores of complaints on the memory questionnaire. Their partners also scored them higher. This association was stronger in participants who had elevated levels of amyloid plaques.
Our study included a high percentage of people with elevated amyloid, and for this reason, we were able to also see that memory complaints were associated with higher tau tangles, said Amariglio. Our findings suggest that asking older people who have elevated Alzheimers disease biomarkers about subjective cognitive decline may be valuable for early detection. This is particularly important since it is predicted that treatments given at the earliest diagnosable form of the disease will be the most effective in slowing the disease.
Limitations of the study include that most participants were white and highly educated. Amariglio noted future studies should follow people for longer periods of time and include more participants from other racial and ethnic groups, as well as people with different levels of education.
For more on this research, see Memory Complaints Can Predict Biological Changes in the Brain.
Reference: Associations Between Self and Study Partner Report of Cognitive Decline With Regional Tau in a Multicohort Study by Michalina F. Jadick, Talia Robinson, Michelle E. Farrell, Hannah Klinger, Rachel F. Buckley, Gad A. Marshall, Patrizia Vannini, Dorene M. Rentz, Keith A. Johnson, Reisa A. Sperling and Rebecca E. Amariglio, 29 May 2024, Neurology. DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209447
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